Топик про машину на английском

Реферат по английскому языку на тему Автомобили/ Automobiles с переводом читать

Представлен реферат по английскому языку на тему Автомобили/ Automobiles с переводом читать бесплатно.

Автомобили или машины являются одним из самых удивительных открытий 20-го века. Считается, что они полностью изменили современное общество. Они оказали огромное влияние на то, как люди живут и работают в настоящее время. Автомобили или любые другие транспортные средства дали людям возможность двигаться и путешествовать быстрее. Используя транспорт, люди легко передвигаются из одного города в другой на работу. История автомобилей началось в 1886 году, когда немецкий изобретатель Карл Бенц изобрел самодвижущийся экипаж на замену обычным тележкам с животными. Первый современный автомобиль был представлен в 1908 году Генри Фордом. Сегодня существуют тысячи автомобилей, которые отвечают потребностям каждого человека, от роскошных видов до практичных и эргономичных. Помимо автомобилей, люди используют общественный транспорт в целях передвижения, включая трамваи, автобусы, маршрутки, пригородные поезда и т.д.

Существуют различные мнения на счет автомобилей и их воздействия. Например, некоторые люди думают, что они улучшили нашу жизнь, а некоторые находят их опасными для здоровья и вовсе не нужными. Современный эквивалент автомобилей – это велосипед. Прежде всего, у него нет двигателя, и не требуется топлива для передвижения. Таким образом, велосипед самый экологичный транспорт. Во-вторых, велосипеды не способствуют шумовому загрязнению и не блокируют дороги. В-третьих, езда на велосипеде поддерживает людей в хорошей форме и здравии. Однако, существуют миллионы людей, которые никогда не отказались бы от автомобилей, поскольку они обеспечивают комфорт и удобство. Они не зависят от плохих погодных условий, они позволяют пассажирам просто сидеть и наслаждаться поездкой, что являлось невозможным в 19 веке, когда люди полагались на животных.

Некоторые видные люди утверждают, что автомобили улучшили качество жизни и экономики во многих странах. Например, с появлением автомобилей скорость транспортировки товаров и услуг заметно увеличилась. Кроме того, было создано много рабочих мест, связанных с дорожно-строительной техникой. Социальная жизнь также улучшилась. Благодаря машинам, люди могут ездить друг к другу в любое время и оставаться сколько захотят. Общественный транспорт имеет ограниченные часы работы. Экономика, как говорят, улучшилась за счет сокращения времени поездки и расходов. Будущее автомобильных технологий пока расплывчато, хотя в разработке есть некоторые успехи. Производители в настоящее время работают над гибридными и полностью автономными машинами. Гибридные автомобили используют два или более источников для передвижения. Чаще всего это электромобили. Автономные автомобили не нуждаются в водителе, и они уже запущены в действие.

Automobiles or cars are one of the most amazing discoveries of the 20th century. They are thought to have completely changed modern society. They’ve had a huge impact on the way people live and work now. Automobiles or any other motor vehicles gave people the opportunity to move and travel faster. Using transport, people easily commute from one town to another to get to work. The history of automobiles started in 1886, when German inventor Karl Benz invented a motorized wagon to replace ordinary, animal-drafted carriages. First modern car was introduced in 1908 by Henry Ford. Today, there are thousands of cars which meet every person’s needs, from luxury types to practical and ergonomic ones. Apart from cars, people use public transportation for travel purposes, including trams, buses, mini vans, local trains, etc.

There are different opinions on automobiles and their impact. For example, some people think that they have improved our life, but some find them health dangerous and unnecessary. Modern equivalent of cars is the bicycle. First of all, it doesn’t have an engine and doesn’t need fuel to move. This has made a bicycle the most eco-friendly vehicle. Secondly, bicycles are not noise pollutants and they don’t block the roads. Thirdly, riding a bicycle keeps people fit and in good shape. However, there are millions of people who would never abandon cars as they provide comfort and convenience. They don’t depend on bad weather conditions, they let the passengers sit back and enjoy the ride, which was impossible in the 19th century when people relied on animals.

Some prominent people state that automobiles have improved the quality of life and economy in many countries. For example, with the appearance of cars the rate at which goods and services are transacted significantly increased. Other than that, many jobs, involving road construction, have been created. Social life has also been improved. Thanks to cars, people can visit each other at any time and stay as long as they wish. Public transport has limited hours of work. The economy is said to be improved due to reduced travel time and expenses. The future of car technologies is vague, although there are some advances being developed. The manufacturers work on hybrid and fully autonomous cars at the moment. Hybrid cars use two or more sources to move. Most commonly they are electric vehicles. Autonomous cars are driverless and they already exist in prototype.

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Сложно представить жизнь без автомобиля

Since the first automobile was introduced to our life, we can notice that there are a lot of changes happened around us. As a modern transportation, it not only brings convenience to our daily life, but also enhances the efficiency.

One of advantages of using automobiles is that it can give the users much more convenience compared with other transportations, such as bikes or buss. For me, I like to go to the supermarket once per week and normally buy many foods at one time. Can you imagine that I need to carry a lot of foodstuff and maybe take a crowded bus to reach home? How inconvenient it is! Suppose that I have a car, and then I will feel very easy because what I need to do is to put all my stuff at the back of the car.

On the other hand, automobiles can save our time and energy. Driving the automobile, we can go wherever we want to go. We can reach the destination faster than other transportation means. We can use the saved hours to enjoy the views or do anything that we want. After all, time means a lot to modern people. It can mean money to businessmen, knowledge to school students and profit to companies. By means of cutting time with the help of automobiles, we can increase the efficiency of our society.

Generally speaking, I would like to say automobiles have improved modern life through providing more convenience to people and increasing efficiency. We should encourage the society to support the automobile industry and develop different kinds of automobiles to meet various needs.

Перевод:

С тех пор как первый автомобиль был внедрен в нашу жизнь, мы можем заметить, что много изменений произошло вокруг нас. В качестве современного транспорта, он не только приносит удобство в нашу повседневную жизнь, но и повышает эффективность.

Одним из преимуществ использования автомобилей является то, что он может дать пользователям больше удобств по сравнению с другим транспортом, например, велосипедом или автобусом. Что касается меня, я люблю ходить в супермаркет раз в неделю и, как правило, покупаю много продуктов за один раз. Можете ли вы представить, что мне нужно завести домой много продуктов питания и, возможно, ехать в переполненном автобусе, чтобы добраться до дома? Как это неудобно! Предположим, что у меня есть машина, и тогда я буду чувствовать себя очень легко, потому что все, что мне нужно сделать, это положить все мои вещи в багажник автомобиля.

Конечно, я должен признать, что автомобили принести много проблем, таких как пробки и загрязнение воздуха. Но этого нельзя избежать в ходе развития общества. Я считаю, что скоро у нас будет решение всех этих проблем.

Вообще говоря, я хотел бы сказать, что автомобили усовершенствовали современную жизнь путем обеспечения большей комфортности для людей и повышения эффективности. Мы должны поощрять общество за поддержку автомобильной промышленности и развивать разные виды автомобилей для удовлетворения различных потребностей.

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Cars and vehicles 5 models

Cars and vehicles topic in English contains all the information you are looking for, the cars and industry and also the most important types of cars. All the information and more you will find here in Cars and vehicles topic in English.

Cars and vehicles

The automotive industry is one of the most important industries that have witnessed a huge industrial revolution as the automobile industry evolves every day. Here we will identify some types of cars in cars and vehicles topic in English.

Cars

The car is one of the known means of transportation. It is a mechanical vehicle consisting of a group of mechanical parts that work together in a consistent manner to move it from one place to another on land.

It is considered one of the most popular means of transportation in this age. Cars are divided into several types: private cars, which are means of personal transport from place to place, are licensed for this purpose, and can not be used for public transport purposes according to international traffic laws.

The first to make a model of a motor vehicle was Nicolas Cuneo, in the early 18th century, in 1977. The number of vehicles in the year of two thousand and two are five hundred and ninety million private cars, of which about one hundred and forty million cars in the United States alone at the time, meaning that there was a car for every two persons in America at the time.

Types of cars in the world

Cars are divided into several types:

Biodiesel cars: This type of vehicle is used to transport goods, solids, and liquids.

Alcoholic cars: Used with these types of cars ethanol alcohol, There are also some types of cars that operate using several types of fuel oil, in addition to gasoline, and this increases their operational efficiency.

Natural Gas Cars: This type of vehicle is almost identical to the operation and operation of vehicles powered by bio-diesel. The engines of these vehicles are designed to operate on gas, which is less harmful than oil-fueled vehicles, this is because gas combustion produces only 25 percent of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by a diesel or gasoline car.

Liquefied petroleum gas Cars: Liquefied petroleum such as propane, butane, and butane. These gases are converted into liquid once exposed to light pressure; These liquefied gases can be used in gasoline-powered vehicles, because the design of fuel tanks in them allows the ideal combustion of gas, without affecting the inventory of gasoline.

Electric cars: The first electric car was manufactured in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, This has produced a real revolution in the automotive industry.

Topic Car

There is no doubt that the car is the most advanced means of ground transportation. It has become one of the main means of transportation for all countries of the world, rich and poor, and is more widely used than planes, or trains in all their forms and types.

Therefore, the car is one of the necessities that saves time and effort, and it can save many situations, whether in working hours, or to transfer a critical case in a short time to the nearest hospital.

I believe that the car will remain a means of transportation that will not become extinct, like many industries. But in the coming years, we will witness many developments, whether in terms of safety or speed.

Car speech topics

The car is one of the modern inventions that greatly affected human life, and played a major role in the industrial shift of many countries, where cars became the most important modern means of transportation, and the most widespread and used in the world.

Although there are other means of transportation such as planes, trains, and motorcycles, the car is the most widely used and traded in the world, and it is of great importance to a not small category. It represents for them the shortening of time and speed that does not waste their day.

Many employees can work in remote jobs, but with the availability of the car, they can go in a quick time, without waiting, Therefore, the car represents an important and necessary thing for them, which greatly helped them in improving the standard and way of living.

We have all witnessed the continuous development from the beginning of the invention of the car with three wheels, to the development that we are keeping pace with now, and the continuous progress in safety, whether in speed or internal safety means. In the next century, we expect to see amazing things in cars that were only found in science fiction films.

Car topics to write about

Car companies excel in spreading and covering a lot of people around the world. It can be said that 70% of the world owns a car today, and a large percentage of the remaining 30% is about to buy a car or previously owned a car.

Therefore, I see that the goals of the founders of car companies are progressing, and every day the rate of progress and spread around the world increases.

And the matter became competitive among them, and there were many cars that fit all categories. Those who are in the middle income group can buy a car to facilitate their needs.

We have also become aware of the interest in the environment in which the car will be issued and modified and a tendency to capture this environment, whether rocky or sandy, which many companies did not care about in the past.

The four-wheel drive vehicles were produced to suit the whole world and not to the harsh conditions that might be more difficult than others.

We now see family cars that are truly suitable for all family members, practical and economical. The family does not incur a lot of expenses, whether for maintenance or repair and consumption, and they have become very popular.

I like the vision in which factory owners work, and I expect great progress in the world of transportation in the next century.

Topic about car

It is amazing to see the continuous progress around us in the world of transportation, especially in the automotive specialty, which has become like a fantasy.

Every day we can see the continuous challenge to progress and provide the best of the competing companies in this specialization, which aspire to present the best, fastest and cheapest model, which suits the target group.

We can see the remarkable progress in the last 10 years in terms of speed and design. If we go to see some of the old models that were released only ten years ago, we will find there is a very great progress in terms of addressing all problems and adding many advanced features, and great creativity in design and implementation, truly worthy of the 21st century.

And I expect to see flying cars in the future, as many people imagine, I don’t know if I will get to see them or not, but I would very much like to.

We have provided you with a topic about cars and vehicles in English, and you can read more topics through the following link:

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Сборник технических текстов с заданиями «Авто»

Онлайн-конференция

«Современная профориентация педагогов
и родителей, перспективы рынка труда
и особенности личности подростка»

Свидетельство и скидка на обучение каждому участнику

Департамент образования, науки и молодежной политики

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Воронежский политехнический техникум»

На заседании цикловой комиссии

Протокол от «_____» _________ 2017г. № ________

Заместитель директора по учебной работе

«______» ________________ 2017г.

учебно-методический материал для аудиторной работы студентов по дисциплине

СБОРНИК ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ С ЗАДАНИЯМИ

23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта.

Председатель цикловой комиссии:

Задание №1 Automobile Production

Задание № 2 Components of automobile

Задание №3 Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

Задание №9 Steering System

Задание№1 0 Using Computer

Список использованной литературы

Сборник технических текстов с заданиями составлен для проверки результатов освоения учебной дисциплины «Английский язык» по специальности 23.02.03 Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта.

В сборник включено 10 практических заданий, на каждое из которых отводится 2 часа аудиторного времени.

Данный сборник текстов предназначен для студентов профессиональных образовательных учреждений и основной целью работы по нему является развитие коммуникативной компетенции во всех видах речевой деятельности.

Результатом выполнения практических работ будут:

лексический (2000 лексических единиц) минимум необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарем) текстов технической и профессиональной направленности

понимать основное содержание несложно звучащих текстов или диалогов по изучаемым темам;

выражать своё отношение и мнение к высказываниям;

делать сообщения с наиболее важной выбранной информацией;

рассуждать, делать выводы по прочитанному материалу;

выборочно понимать и извлекать информацию в неадаптированных технических текстах;

пользоваться двуязычными или одноязычными словарями и другой справочной литературой.

В практических работах Ваши знания оцениваются следующим образом:

Перечень практических заданий приводится в содержании.

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

I study at the college, at the automobile-construction department. When I graduate from the college I shall become a technician. All spe­cialists in automobile industry dealing with manufacturing automo­biles (cars or trucks) must know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

-working out the technology of manufacturing processes;

-mass manufacturing (production).

Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know them, as before the automobile is put into mass production it should be properly designed and the car must meet up-to-date requirements. What are these requirements?

The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driv­ing safety, ease of handling and maintenance, pleasant apperance. Also it must be comfortable and ecological. In order to obtain these quali­ties the specialists should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is im­portant to know computer sciences because computers offer quick and optimal solutions of the problems. Besides they are used for better op­eration of mechanisms in cars.

Before the car is put into mass production the units of the car are subjected to tests in the Works laboratory and then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? They are needed because the modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, de­pendable ignition system, low fuel consumption and be stable on the road.

work out the technology of manufacturing processes — разрабатывать технологию производственных процессов

put into mass production — запустить в массовое производство

subject to tests — подвергать испы­таниям

driving safety — безопасность упра­вления автомобилем

rapid acceleration — приемистость

ease of maintenance — простота техоб ­ служивания

meet up-to-date demands (require­ments) — отвечать современным требованиям

be stable on the road — быть устойчи ­ вым на дороге

ignition system — система зажигания

fuel consumption — расход топлива

car — легковой автомобиль

truck – грузовой автомобиль

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What department do you study at?

2.What will you become after graduating from the college?

3.What should automobile specialists know?

4.What phases does the production of the automobile comprise?

5.What requirements must modern automobiles meet?

6.Why are automobile units and mechanisms subjected to labo­ratory and road tests?

7.What qualities are required of the automobile?

8.Why are computers used in cars?

Закончите предложения, подобрав соответствующие по смыслу слова (или словосочетания), приведенные ниже.

All specialists must know that the production of the automo­bile comprises ……

It is necessary to know these facts because the automobile of today must meet……

The modern automobile must have………

In road tests the automobile undergoes…….

A technician, a specialist in automobile industry, the production of the automobile, designing, working out the technology of manufac­turing processes, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production, high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance, rigid quality control, rapid acceleration, smooth-acting clutch, silent gear­box, dependable brakes, dependable steering system, the automobile construction college, up-to-date demands (requirements).

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Components of the Automobile

The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.

The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders

The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a run­ning gear, steering and braking systems as well.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels.

The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts. The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.

The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.

engine (power plant) — двигатель (силовая установка)

power train — силовая передача

running gear — ходовая часть

gearbox — коробка передач

propeller shaft — карданный вал

rear axle — задний мост

axle shafts — полуоси

frame with axles — рама с осями

wheels and springs — колеса с рессо­рами

windshield wiper — стеклоочиститель

include — включать в себя

consist of — состоять из

in turn — в свою очередь

source of power — источник энергии

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What main parts is the automobile made up of?

2.What is the function of the engine?

3.What systems does the engine include?

4.What does the chassis consist of?

5.What units does the power transmission comprise?

6.What assemblies does the running gear consist of?

Закончите предложения, подобрав соответствующие по смыслу слова (или словосочетания), приведенные ниже.

A : What does the power train include?

A:What units does the body comprise?

Engine, chassis, body, power train, running gear, steering system, brakes, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts, hood and fenders, heater, windshield wipers, information, conditioner, consist(s) of, the source of power, include, fuel, cooling, lubricating, electric systems.

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened).

To describe the complete cycle, let’s assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet (intake) stroke. On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the pis­ton begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, (he inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke. As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves be­ing closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves be­ing closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is re­leased, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (ex­haust stroke).

The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary move­ment of a crankshaft by means of connecting rods.

Рис . 1. Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

compression — такт сжатия 4. exhaust — такт выхлопа

charge of fuel — заряд топлива

combustion chamber – камера сгорания

compression stroke — такт сжатия ( смеси )

crankshaft — коленчатый вал

diesel engine — дизельный двигатель

exhaust stroke — такт выпуска

four-stroke cycle — четырехтактный цикл

fuel injection — впрыск топлива

intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуска

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

petrol engine — бензиновый двигатель

power stroke — рабочий ход

reciprocating movement — возвратно-поступательное движение

residual gas — остаточный газ

rotary movement — вращательное движение

spark plug — свеча зажигания

stroke — ход (поршня);

top dead center — верхняя мертвая точка

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1. Why is the engine called the internal combustion engine?

2. What stroke is called the inlet one?

3. What is a compression stroke?

4. What takes place in the cylinder on power stroke?

6. What takes place on the exhaust stroke?

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

The main units of the chassis are: the power transmission, the run­ning gear and the steering mechanism. The power transmission includes the whole mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. This entire mechanism consists of the clutch, gearbox, propeller (cardan) shaft, rear axle, final drive, differential and axle shafts.

At the front end of the car is the engine. On the back of it is the flywheel. Behind the flywheel is the clutch. The clutch is a friction de­vice connecting the engine with the gears of the gearbox. The main function of the gearbox is to change the speed of the car.

The power is always transmitted by the cardan shaft to the live back axle. The final drive reduces the high speed of the engine to the low speed of the driving wheels. The differential enables the driving wheels to turn at different speeds which is necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached.

The rear axle is capable of moving up and down about the frame. The rear axle is an important part of the transmission. It carries the greater portion of the weight of the car.

The steering mechanism is designed for changing the direction of the car.

The brakes are used for stopping the car, for decreasing its speed and for holding the car position.

tractive effort — тяговое усилие

running gear — ходовая часть

driving wheels — ведущие колеса

steering system — система рулевого управления

car springs — рессоры автомобиля

rear axle — задний мост

final drive — главная передача

friction device — фрикционное устройство

crankshaft — коленчатый вал

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What main units does the chassis consist of?

2.Where is the engine located?

3.Where is the flywheel fixed?

4.Where is the clutch placed?

5.What is the gearbox designed for?

6.By what shaft is the power transmitted to the back axle?

7.What does the rear axle do?

8.. What is the function of the differential?

9. What purpose is the steering system designed for?

10. What is the function of the brakes?

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения (при выполнении задания вы можете обращаться к тексту).

1.Основными узлами шасси являются: трансмиссия, ходо­вая часть и рулевой механизм.

2.Радиатор расположен в передней части автомобиля.

3.Маховик крепится на задней части двигателя.

4.Сцепление соединяет двигатель с коробкой передач.

5.Коробка передач предназначена для изменения скорости движения автомобиля.

6.Усилие передается карданным валом.

7.Главная передача снижает высокие обороты двигателя до невысоких оборотов ведущих колес.

8.Дифференциал позволяет ведущим колесам вращаться с разной скоростью при повороте автомобиля.

9.Рулевой механизм предназначен для изменения на­правления движения автомобиля.

10.Тормоза используются для остановки или снижения скорости автомобиля.

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

The foundation of the automobile chassis is the frame which pro­vides support for the engine, body and power-train members. Cross

members reinforce the frame. The frame is rigid and strong so that it can withstand the shocks, vibrations, twists and other strains to which it is put on the road.

The frame provides a firm structure for the body, as well as a good point for the suspension system. There are two types of frames, namely: conventional frames and integral (unibody) frames (frameless construc­tions).

Conventional frames are usually made of heavy steel channel sec­tions welded or riveted together. All other parts of the car are attached to the frame.

In order to prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the frame and from there to the passengers of the car, the frame is insulated from these parts by rubber pads.

It is also important to insulate the frame in order to prevent metal- to-metal contacts.

Frameless (unibody) constructions are called so because they are made integral with the body. The body parts are used to structurally strengthen the entire car. Some unibody frames have partial front and rear frames for attaching the engine and suspension members.

channel section — полая секция

cross members — поперечины

unibody construction — конструкция с несущим кузовом нагрузки

withstand strains — выдерживать

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What does the frame provide?

2.Why is the frame rigid and strong?

3.What types of frames are there?

4.What is the conventional frame made of?

5.By what is the frame insulated from the other car parts? For what purpose?

6.What do you know about unibody frames?

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Рама обеспечивает опору для кузова, двигателя и узлов силовой передачи.

2.Она состоит из лонжеронов и поперечин, которые уси­ливают раму.

3.Рама должна выдерживать вибрацию, кручения и другие нагрузки (напряжения).

4.Рамы бывают двух типов: обычные (стандартные) и выполненные воедино с кузовом.

5.Стандартные рамы изготовлены из стальных полых сек­ций, сваренных или заклепанных вместе.

6.Безрамные конструкции выполнены воедино с кузовом.

7.Рама изолируется от кузова резиновыми прокладками, чтобы шумы и вибрации не проходили к пассажирам автомобиля

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

The clutch is a friction device. It connects the engine to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for disconnecting the engine from the gear­box, for starting the car and for releasing the engine from the car wheels.

The clutch is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and the gear ­ box und consists of two plates (discs): the friction disc and the pressure disc. The friction disc is situated between the flywheel and the pressure plate and has a hard-wearing material on each side.

The basic principal operation of the clutch is a frictional force acting between two discs. The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal. When the pedal is at rest the clutch is engaged and the running engine is connected to the gearbox. When the pedal is pressed down the clutch is disengaged and the engine runs idly.

friction device — фрикционное устройство

pressure disc — нажимной диск

hard-wearing material – износостойкий материал

с onnect — соединять

gearbox — коробка передач

clutch pedal — педаль сцепления

release the engine — отсоединить двигатель

fix — крепить (устанавливать)

friction disc (plate) — фрикционный

is engaged — включено (подсоединено)

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What device is the clutch?

2.What units does it connect?

3.What is the clutch used for?

4.Where is the clutch placed?

5.What plates does the clutch consist of?

6.What is the basic principal operation of the clutch?

7.What is the clutch controlled by?

8.What takes place when the clutch pedal is at rest?

9.When does the engine run idly?

Закончите предложения, используя необходимые слова или словосочетания, данные ниже.

freeing the engine from the gearbox, serve, fixed, gearbox, controlled, starting the car, freeing the engine from the car wheels, pedal, at rest, engaged, disengaged, do, located.

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

The gearbox is placed between the clutch and the propeller shaft. I lie principal function of the gearbox is to vary the speed of the car movement to meet the road conditions. The gearbox provides four for­ward speeds and one reverse, as follows:

1. First or low gear;

4.Fourth or top gear;

There are many constructional arrangements of gearboxes, which can be classified as follows:

3.Epicyclic (planetary) type.

The sliding-mesh type is the simplest one and is the oldest histori­cally. The constant-mesh type is the most widely used type. They are termed «ordinary» gearing, the characteristic feature of which is that I lie axes of the various gears are fixed axes. The gears simply rotate about their own axes.

The characteristic feature of epicyclic (planetary) gearing is that one gear rotates about its own axis and also rotates bodily about some other axis.

To secure the several speeds of the car the clutch shaft is mounted In direct line with the gearbox shaft. The gearbox shaft carries on it the sliding gears which are used for shifting to secure the forward speeds and the reverse drive.

gear — шестерня, передача

road conditions — дорожные условия

forward speed — передняя скорость

top gear — четвертая (прямая) пере­дача

constant — mesh gearbox — коробка передач с постоянным зацепле­нием шестерен

ordinary gearing — стандартное зуб­чатое соединение

characteristic feature — характерная особенность

rotate bodyly — вращаться корпусом

in direct line- важно

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.Where is the gearbox situated?

2.What is the function of the gearbox?

3.What speeds does the gearbox provide?

4.What types of gearboxes do you know?

5.Why is the clutch shaft mouned in direct line with the gearbox shaft?

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Коробка передач предназначена для изменения скорости движения автомобиля.

2.Коробка передач обеспечивает четыре передние скорости и задний ход.

3.Коробки передач могут быть: со скользящими шестерня­ми, с постоянным зацеплением шестерен и планетарного типа.

4.Самыми простыми являются коробки передач со сколь­зящими шестернями.

5.Коробки передач с постоянным зацеплением шестерен используются наиболее часто.

6.Скользящие шестерни на валу коробки передач ис­пользуются для обеспечения передних скоростей и обратного хода.

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper

performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be di­vided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classi­fied as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system con­sists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylin­ders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from 11 to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums).

The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes.

Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes.

Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

force the fluid — подавать жидкость

brakes are applied — тормоза срабатывают

drum brakes — барабанные тормоза

band brake — ленточный тормоз

shoe brake — колодочный тормоз

hydraulic assisted brakes — тормоза с гидравлическим приводом

brake shoes — колодки тормоза

brake fluid — тормозная жидкость

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1. What is the function of the brakes?

2. What types are brakes divided into?

3. What brakes do you know according to their mode of opera­tion?

4. What braking systems are used today?

5. By what are brakes controlled?

6. When are brakes applied?

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Тормоза используются для замедления движения или остановки автомобиля.

2.В зависимости от привода тормоза классифицируют на механические, гидравлические, пневматические и электрические.

3.Тормоза управляются тормозной педалью.

4. Тормоза срабатывают, когда водитель нажимает на тормоз­ную педаль (тормозные колодки прижимаются к тормоз­ным барабанам).

5.В пневматических тормозах для создания тормозного уси­лия используется сжатый воздух.

6.В электрических тормозах для создания тормозного уси­лия используется электромагнит.

7.В современных автомобилях используются тормоза с при­водом на все колеса

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

То guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached (o (he pitman arm.

When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear as- sembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This move­ment is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knucle arms, and wheels, musing them to turn to the left or right.

Рис. 4. Steering System

2.steering column, steering mast — рулевая колонка

4. sleering arm, steering lever, (steering) pitman arm — рулевая сошка

5. steering knuckle — поворотная цапфа, поворотный кулак

6. sleering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворотного кулака

8. steering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворотного кулака

9. drag link, steering gear connecting rod, steering drag rod — продольная рулевая тяга

The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use, such as the rack and pinion type and the recirculating ball type. The

rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type.

The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to safe the life of a driver.

Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and col­umn from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact.

Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

guide the саг — управлять автомобилем

means of turning — средство поворота

steering wheel — рулевое колесо

steering column — рулевая колонка

for this purpose — для этой цели

tie — rod — поперечная тяга

in turn — в свою очередь

rack and pinion assembly — рулевой механизм с рейкой и шестерней

ball joint — шаровой шарнир

leverage — рычажный механизм

steering gear assembly – рулевой механизм

recirculating ball steering — рулевой механизм с шариковой гайкой

worm and sector — червяк и сектор

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What mechanism is necessary to guide the car?

2.How is the steering wheel connected to the front wheels?

3.Why can the front wheels be swung to the left or to the right?

4.What does the manual steering system incorporate?

5.What types of manual steering gears in use do you know?

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Для управления автомобилем необходима система ру­левого управления.

2.Рулевое управление включает в себя: рулевое колесо и рулевую колонку, зубчатое соединение, рулевую сошку,

рычаги поворотного кулака и шарнирные соединения, рычаги и поперечные тяги.

3.Существуют различные типы рулевых механизмов, а именно: реечно-шестеренчатый тип, механизм с шаровой гайкой, механизм с червяком и сектором.

4.Когда водитель поворачивает руль влево или вправо, то рулевой механизм заставляет рулевую сошку повора­чиваться влево или вправо.

Это движение передается поперечными тягами к рычагам поворотных кулаков и к колесам, заставляя их поворачи­ваться влево или вправо.

Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Ever since the car was first invented, a breaker point ignition has been used to transform battery voltage into 20,000 volts to fire the spark plugs. With government intervention and regulation, more advanced system was needed. This system had to meet emission control levels, gas mileage, and provide a smooth and continuous operation. The answer was found in an on-board computer system. The computer mounted on modern cars has two components. One is the hardware and the other is the software.

The computer hardware on an automobile uses a Central Process­ing Unit (CPU), which, when made in an integrated circuit, is referred I о as a microprocessor. The integrated circuit (I С ) combines transis­tors, diodes, and capacitors, which are placed on a tiny chip of semi­conductor material that is smaller and thinner that an eraser on a pen­cil. The material used most of the time is silicon. Silicon, like any semiconductor, does not conduct electricity until either voltage, a mag­netic field, heat, or light is directed to the semiconductor. A program instructs the microprocessor what to do.

The computer software on a car carries a program. The program tells the computer what to do, and when to do it in a specific sequence. The program is stored in a permanent memory, which is referred to as Read Only Memory (ROM).The computer knows only what is placed in its memory.

There is another variation, which is called the Program­mable Read Only Memory (PROM), which can be readily removed and replaced, while the ROM cannot. This makes it less expensive if the memory becomes defective. Only the PROM has to be replaced, not the entire microprocessor. The microprocessor contains a ROM (or PROM) and a RAM. RAM stands for Randon Access Memory, which can be accessed with­out going through a specific sequence. The technician interfaces with the RAM whenever trouble codes are accessed. Not all computerized ignition systems have trouble codes, however. Some computers have the ability to learn. This is referred to as an adaptive memory. When a value falls outside of a specified limit, due to engine wear, the adaptive memory makes a slight adjustment in the program to compensate. The car must be driven from 20 to 30 miles, as it takes the computer this long to learn. Any time that power is disconnected from the computer, it will have to relearn everything.

a breaker point ignition — прерывистое зажигание

fire the spark plug – воспламенять свечой зажигания

meet emission control levels — отвечать требованиям по ограничению уровня вредных компонентов в выхлопных газах

smooth operation — плавная работа

onboard computer system – бортовой компьютер

integrated circuit — интегральная схема

specific sequence — специальная по­следовательность

permanent memory — постоянная память

ROM — read only memory — постоян­ная память, постоянное запоми­нающее устройство, ПЗУ

trouble code — неисправный код

adaptive memory — адаптивная память

Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.How many components has the computer on modern cars? What are they?

2.How do we call the computer hardware on the automobile?

3.What does an integrated circuit combine?

4.What material is used in the integrated circuit? Why?

5.What does the computer software do?

6.Why is the computer used on board the car?

7.What does the program tell to the computer?

8.Where is the program stored?

Переведите на английский язык.

1.Многие современные автомобили оборудованы борто­выми компьютерными системами для лучшей работы ав­томобиля.

2.Программа такого компьютера имеет только два запоми­нающих устройства: постоянную память (ПЗУ) и опера­тивную память (ОЗУ).

3.Компьютерная программа сообщает компьютеру, что надо делать и когда необходимо выполнить данное действие в соответствующей последовательности.

4.Программа хранится в постоянной памяти компьютера.

5.Микропроцессор содержит в себе постоянную и опера­тивную память.

6. Некоторые компьютеры обладают способностью запоминать (заучивать). Это относится к адаптивной памяти.

1. фара, сблокированная с указателем поворота;

2. радиатор системы охлаждения;

3. аккумуляторная батарея;

4. распределитель зажигания;

5. воздушный фильтр;

7. вакуумный усилитель с главным цилиндром гидропривода тормозов;

8. главный цилиндр гидропривода выключения сцепления;

10. внутреннее зеркало заднего вида;

12. запасное колесо;

14. пружина задней подвески;

15. амортизатор задней подвески;

17. карданная передача;

18. переднее сиденье;

19. наружное зеркало заднего вида;

20. рычаг стояночного тормоза;

21. рычаг переключения передач;

22. коробка передач;

23. педаль гидропривода сцепления;

24. педаль гидропривода тормозов;

25. педаль акселератора;

26. рулевой механизм;

27. передний тормоз;

28. пружина передней подвески с амортизатором;

29. топливный насос ;

1. cornering lamp; 2. cooling system radiator; 3. accumulator battery;

4. ignition distributor; 5. air filter; 6. engine; 7. vacuum-power with master cylinder of hydraulic drive brakes; 8. master cylinder of hydraulic drive of clutch disengagement; 9. steering wheel; 10. inside (interior) mirror; 11. back seat;

12. spare wheel; 13. rear wheel brakes; 14. rear suspension spring;

15. rear suspension shock absorber; 16. rear axle; 17. cardan shaft;

18. front seat; 19. outside mirror; 20. parking brake lever; 21.gear change lever;

22. gearbox; 23. clutch pedal; 24. brake pedal; 25. accelerator pedal;

26. steering mechanism; 27. front wheel brake; 28. front suspension spring with shock absorber; 29. fuel pump; 30. oil filter.

Источник